The EU side

The text authorises signature for the EU (Article 1). It provides for provisional application from 15 July 2026, if the agreement has been signed and the conditions in Article 336(2) are fulfilled (Article 8(2)). The Commission represents the EU in the Cooperation Council and the EU-UK treaty committees. Each EU country, in particular Spain, may send one representative to accompany it (Article 2). The Commission adopts the EU's position in an EU-UK treaty committee on decisions that merely extend EU acts to Gibraltar, subject to technical adjustments (Article 3(1)). The Commission takes the EU's decisions in the following cases, under the conditions in the agreement. The first is suspension under Article 67. The second is rebalancing measures under Article 198(6). The third is remedial measures under Articles 209(3) and 284. The fourth is the safeguard procedure in Article 249, and the fifth is the measures in Article 252. The Commission first informs the Council of its intention. It takes the utmost account of the views expressed (Article 4). The Commission must consult Spain before adopting any decision on the basis of the Decision and before making any proposal to the Council in relation to the agreement (Article 5). Spain must inform the Council and the Commission in advance of the suspension or termination of the implementation plan or of the administrative arrangements, with a view to a meaningful exchange of views in the Council, and must take account of the views expressed. It also informs them of such a suspension or termination by the UK (Article 6). The Decision approves three joint declarations. They are on persons travelling for paid activity (Article 41(2)), on harmful tax regimes, and on Article 152(1) (mutual assistance). It approves the text proposed for a declaration on supplementing Gibraltar's road transport connectivity. It takes note of a UK declaration on a mirror agreement with the Schengen associates (Article 9).

Approves the conclusion of the agreement by the Commission on behalf of the Atomic Energy Community, for the matters that fall under the Euratom Treaty (civil nuclear provisions) (Article 1). Prior to its conclusion and subject to reciprocity, the agreement is to be signed and, provided the conditions in Article 336(2) are fulfilled, applied provisionally from 15 July 2026 (Article 2)

Approves the agreement on behalf of the Atomic Energy Community, for the matters under the Euratom Treaty (Article 1). Following its signature, and subject to reciprocity, it is to be applied provisionally from 15 July 2026 (Article 2)

The text signed at Brussels that day. Article 336(2) allows the Parties to agree to apply it provisionally from a date before entry into force, on the conditions stated there; the EU's decisions above name 15 July 2026

Evaluation of the frontier provisions (Article 65); once it is complete, the EU, including at Spain's request, or the UK may end the agreement by written notice; it then ceases on the first day of the twelfth month after the notice (Article 66(1)). The joint review of the whole agreement falls at the same time, and the Cooperation Council's power to correct errors ends

The EU law listed in Annex 9, including the rules on facilitation of unauthorised entry, on weapons and firearms, on explosives precursors and on drug trafficking

The EU acts listed in Annex 18 (Articles 93, 106 and 107 to 109 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, the notices, communications and guidelines, the block exemption regulations and the de minimis regulations listed there), for state aid within the scope of Article 201(1), applied by Gibraltar's independent authority or body. The Annex says that some acts need not be incorporated until Gibraltar has the economic activity they regulate or intends to grant aid that may fall under them; in any event the independent authority or body must pay due regard without delay to the relevant acts if it is called on to assess state aid

The EU law listed in Annex 20 (including the Union Customs Code and import and export prohibitions), from the date specified in a Cooperation Council decision under Article 247(1). Annex 20 lists areas of EU law rather than single acts, and neither Article 247 nor Annex 20 says in terms that Article 19 applies. This document found no such decision as at 28 September 2026

Representatives of the EU and of the UK, for Gibraltar; co-chaired by a Member of the European Commission and a representative of the UK Government at ministerial level (Article 22(1)–(2))

Oversees the agreement. Adopts decisions where the agreement so provides, and these bind the Parties (Articles 22(4)(a), 24(1)). May adopt decisions amending the agreement to correct errors or address omissions or other deficiencies (Article 22(4)(d)). This power does not apply in relation to Title IV of Part One, and it lasts only until the end of the fourth year after entry into force. Adopts the Article 247(1) decision that specifies the date from which the EU law in Annex 20 applies

By mutual consent (Article 24(2)); meets at the request of the EU or the UK, for Gibraltar, and at least once a year (Article 22(2))

Representatives of the same two Parties: Circulation of Persons; Economy and Trade; Aviation (Article 23)

Monitor and review how the agreement is implemented. Adopt decisions where the Cooperation Council has delegated its powers, or where the agreement provides for it (Article 23(2)). The EU-UK treaty committee on the circulation of persons completes the evaluation of Part Two no later than four years after Part Two comes into force (Article 65)

By mutual consent (Article 24(2))

Represents the EU in the Cooperation Council and the EU-UK treaty committees (Decision 2026/1732, Article 2(1)). Adopts the EU's position on EU-UK treaty committee decisions that merely extend EU acts, subject to technical adjustments (Article 3(1)). Takes the EU's decisions on the measures listed in Article 4(1) of the Decision. These are: suspension under Article 67; rebalancing under Article 198(6); remedial measures under Articles 209(3) and 284; the safeguard procedure in Article 249; and the measures in Article 252

In accordance with the conditions in the agreement; informs the Council of its intention and takes the utmost account of the views expressed (Article 4(2)); consults Spain before adopting any decision on the basis of the Decision and before any proposal to the Council (Article 5)

Establishes the EU's positions in the Cooperation Council and, except where Decision 2026/1732 gives the matter to the Commission, in the EU-UK treaty committees; decides on conclusion of the agreement, by unanimity (Commission answer E-002104/2026)

Under the declaration of 31 March 2026 (the declaration is not part of the agreement), any EU measure in the implementation of the agreement requires Spain's prior agreement. This does not affect the powers of the EU or the special rights of its institutions. After the evaluation, Spain may request the EU to terminate the agreement. The EU must take the necessary steps in accordance with its internal procedures, with a view to terminating the agreement (Article 66(1)–(2)). Spain must inform the Council and the Commission in advance of the suspension or termination of the implementation plan or the administrative arrangements, and take account of the views expressed (Decision 2026/1732, Article 6(1))

Settles disputes between the Parties, other than those outside Part Six under Article 301

Its decisions and rulings are binding on the EU and on the UK and create no rights or obligations for natural or legal persons (Article 321(2)); a question of EU law of the kind in Article 312(1) goes to the Court of Justice

Where a dispute submitted to arbitration raises a question of interpretation of a concept or provision of EU law contained in an EU act referred to in the agreement, gives the ruling that the arbitration tribunal requests, which binds the tribunal (Article 312(1)); its relevant case law is the reference for interpreting the provisions referred to in Article 19(1) (Article 20)

A forecast. The agreement provides that persons may circulate between Gibraltar and the EU countries applying the Schengen rules in full without border checks, subject to Article 30(2) (Article 30(1)), and provides for Spain's Schengen border checks at the port and airport (Articles 29 and 33)

"Fully safeguarding" is an assessment. The text provides that Spain carries out the Schengen border checks at the port and airport (Article 33; arrangement 4), and that the EU law listed in Annex 20 applies from the date in a Cooperation Council decision under Article 247(1), which also declares that border control posts and customs offices have been established in the port and airport, operate and are controlled as that decision sets out, and that competent authorities within the EU have been designated. Until that decision enters into force, Gibraltar is regarded as a third territory under EU customs, indirect taxation and trade-related law, and goods are brought into and taken out of Gibraltar under Article 247(3) and (4) and taxed under Article 248(1) to (4)

Articles 7 and 28 provide that physical barriers are to be removed (Article 7: "in accordance with the implementation plan"). Whether they have been removed is not a matter the text can show. The count of daily crossers is the Commission's. The nearest official figure found is 14,112 "frontier worker" employee jobs in Gibraltar in October 2025 (Employment Survey Report 2025), which measures something different

Procedure 2026/0058(NLE); referral announced in plenary on 14 September 2026

Under the text, Spain's authorities are to perform the border checks and the border surveillance (Article 33; arrangement 4, paragraph 3.2.1). At sea, surveillance is by joint patrols in jointly crewed law enforcement vessels at the borders of both Gibraltar and the surrounding area of Spain, with the vessel provided by each Participant in alternate weeks (paragraphs 3.2.2 and 3.2.4). This document found no provision that names or sets out the waters.

Part Three, Title I carries them, among others state aid (Articles 201 to 205, Annex 18), taxation (Articles 211 to 213), and environment and climate (Article 219). "Solid" is the Commission's word

Article 220(3) of the Agreement in respect of Gibraltar between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, of the one part, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, of the other part (Miscellaneous No. 9 (2026)): "As regards aviation, the scope of the Union system of carbon pricing shall cover all flights between the European Economic Area and Gibraltar." The Commission's sentence describes a proposal and a condition (a new assessment of CORSIA in 2032); it is not a provision of that treaty. Article 220(3) also provides: "The scope of the United Kingdom system of carbon pricing shall cover all flights between the United Kingdom and Gibraltar."

Article 218(6)(a) and (8) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union; COM(2026) 92. The Commission's answer states the procedure; it does not mention national parliaments

The agreement has provisions on both: taxation (Articles 211 to 213; the joint declaration on harmful tax regimes; Annex 24, which sets minimum rates and a corridor tied to Spain's excise rates) and environment (Articles 219 and 220). The same question also says the agreement contains no measures concerning Gibraltar's land reclamation (the Eastside project); this document did not check that point

Article 2 leaves each side's legal position untouched; the Council's decision says the same of Spain (recital 6)

The Commission's answer states that the Council concludes the agreement after obtaining the consent of the European Parliament (Article 218 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union). The question cites a resolution of 13 April 2026 of the Joint Congress-Senate Committee on the European Union of the Cortes Generales urging the Government to reject the agreement. Article 336(1) of the agreement provides for entry into force on the first day of the month after both Parties have notified each other that they have completed their respective internal requirements and procedures for establishing their consent to be bound